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从句思维导图2025最新版怎么用才高效?

从句 思维导图

中心主题:从句


一级分支 1:什么是从句?

  • 定义:在复合句中,充当句子成分(主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等)的句子
  • 核心特征
    • 从属性:不能独立成句,必须依附于一个主句。
    • 充当成分:在句子中扮演一个词或词组的作用。
    • 连接词:通常由引导词(连接词、关系代词、关系副词)引导。
  • 与主句的关系
    • 主句:可以独立存在的句子,是句子的主干。
    • 从句:是主句的“枝叶”,用来修饰、补充或说明主句。
  • 例句
    • The book (that I bought yesterday) is interesting.
      • 主句:The book is interesting.
      • 从句:that I bought yesterday (修饰 book,作定语)

一级分支 2:从句的分类

  • 按句法功能分类(最常用)

    从句思维导图2025最新版怎么用才高效?-图1

    • 名词性从句

      • 功能:在句中充当名词,可作主语、宾语、表语、同位语。
      • 引导词
        • 连接词that (无实际意义,不充当成分), whether, if, as if / as though
        • 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which (有实际意义,在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等)
        • 连接副词when, where, why, how (有实际意义,在从句中作状语)
      • 子分类
        • 主语从句:作主语。
          • What he said is true. (What he said 作主语)
        • 宾语从句:作动词、介词或形容词的宾语。
          • I know (that he is right). (that he is right 作 know 的宾语)
        • 表语从句:作表语(跟在系动词后)。
          • The question is (whether we can win). (whether we can win 作表语)
        • 同位语从句:解释说明前面抽象名词(如 fact, news, idea, hope 等)的具体内容。
          • The news (that he won the match) excited us all. (that he won the match 解释 news 的内容)
    • 定语从句

      • 功能:修饰名词或代词,相当于一个形容词。
      • 引导词
        • 关系代词who, whom, whose, that, which (在从句中作主语、宾语、定语)
        • 关系副词when, where, why (在从句中作状语)
      • 核心概念
        • 先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。
        • 关系词:引导定语从句,并指代先行词。
      • 分类
        • 限制性定语从句:对先行起限定、识别作用,不用逗号与主句隔开,若去掉,主句意思不完整或不明确。
          • The man (who is standing there) is my teacher. (指明是“站在那里的”那个人)
        • 非限制性定语从句:对先行起补充说明作用,用逗号与主句隔开,若去掉,主句意思仍然完整。
          • My father, (who is a doctor), works in a hospital. (补充说明我父亲的职业,即使没有这句话,也知道我父亲在医院工作)
    • 状语从句

      • 功能:修饰主句的动词、形容词或副词,相当于一个副词。
      • 引导词:从属连词,本身有词义。
      • 子分类(按意义)
        • 时间状语从句when, while, as, before, after, since, until/till, as soon as
          • I will call you when I arrive.
        • 地点状语从句where, wherever
          • Where there is smoke, there is fire.
        • 原因状语从句because, as, since, now that
          • He didn't come because he was ill.
        • 目的状语从句so that, in order that
          • He got up early so that he could catch the bus.
        • 结果状语从句so...that..., such...that...
          • He was so tired that he fell asleep.
        • 条件状语从句if, unless, as long as
          • If it rains tomorrow, we will cancel the picnic.
        • 让步状语从句though, although, even though/if, no matter..., whoever, whatever
          • Although he is young, he knows a lot.
        • 方式状语从句as, as if / as though
          • Do as I say, not as I do.
        • 比较状语从句than, as...as...
          • She is taller than I am.
  • 按引导词性质分类

    • 由从属连词引导that, whether, if, when, because, so that 等。
    • 由关系代词引导who, whom, whose, that, which 等(主要用于定语从句,也用于名词性从句)。
    • 由关系副词引导when, where, why 等(主要用于定语从句,也用于名词性从句)。

一级分支 3:核心要点与难点

  • 引导词的选择(重中之重)

    • 定语从句:看先行词在从句中成分
      • 指人:who (主/宾), whom (宾), whose (定), that (通用)。
      • 指物:which (主/宾), whose (定), that (通用)。
      • 表时间/地点/原因:when, where, why
    • 名词性从句:看从句本身缺什么成分
      • 缺主语/宾语/表语 → 用连接代词 (what, which, who) 或 that
      • 缺状语 → 用连接副词 (when, where, why, how)。
      • 不缺成分,只起连接作用 → 用 that (不可省) 或 whether/if
    • 状语从句:看逻辑关系,选择有相应含义的从属连词。
  • that 的用法总结

    • 可省略
      • 宾语从句中,当 that 作宾语时。I know (that) he is right.
      • 定语从句中,当 that 作宾语时。The book (that) I bought is good.
    • 不可省略
      • 主语从句。That he came late made the teacher angry.
      • 表语从句。The fact is (that) we missed the bus.
      • 同位语从句。The news (that) he died was surprising.
      • that 引导的定语从句中,当 that 作主语时。The book that is on the desk is mine.
  • whatthat 的区别

    • what = the thing(s) that... (什么;...的东西),有实际意义,在从句中充当成分。
      • I need what you have. (我需要你拥有的东西。)
    • that = (无实际意义),只起连接作用,不充当成分。
      • I need that you help me. (我需要的是你帮助我这件事。)
  • ifwhether 的区别

    • 可互换
      • 引导宾语从句,且 or not 不紧跟在后面时。I don't know if/whether he will come.
    • 不可互换
      • 引导主语、表语、同位语从句时,只能用 whetherWhether he will come is not known.
      • or not 连用时,只能用 whetherI don't know whether or not he will come.
      • 不定式前,只能用 whetherI wonder whether to go or stay.

一级分支 4:学习与应用

  • 如何分析从句?

    1. 找主干:先找出主句的主谓宾,明确句子的核心意思。
    2. 找从属连词/关系词:寻找 that, who, which, when, because 等引导词。
    3. 划出从句:从引导词开始,到句子结束(或到逗号/句号),划出从句部分。
    4. 判断类型:根据从句在主句中充当的成分,判断它是名词性、定语还是状语从句。
  • 常见错误

    • 引导词误用:混淆 whatthatwhowhich
    • 成分残缺:定语从句中缺少主语或宾语,误用 wherewhen 代替 that/which
      • 错误:This is the place where I visited. (place 是 visit 的宾语,不能用 where)
      • 正确:This is the place (that/which) I visited.
    • 逗号滥用:在限制性定语从句前加了逗号。
    • 与并列句混淆:用 that 连接两个并列的句子,应用 andso
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