宾语从句 思维导图
中心主题：宾语从句
什么是宾语从句？
- 定义: 在句子中充当宾语成分的名词性从句。
- 本质: 它是一个完整的句子，但这个句子在主句中扮演了“宾语”的角色。
- 作用: 回答主句谓语动词“做什么？”、“是什么？”、“怎么样？”等问题。
- 结构:
主句 + 连接词 + 宾语从句- 例句: I know (that) he is right. (我知道他是对的。)
I know是主句。he is right是宾语从句，作动词know的宾语。that是连接词。
宾语从句的引导词
引导词是连接主句和从句的“桥梁”,根据从句的意义和成分选择。
| 引导词类型 | 具体引导词 | 功能说明 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 从属连词 | that | 无实际意义，只起连接作用，在口语和非正式文体中常可省略。 | I believe (that) you can succeed. (我相信你能成功。) |
| whether / if | 表示“是否”，引导一般疑问句变成的宾语从句，两者常可互换。 | I wonder if/whether he will come. (我想知道他是否会来。) | |
| because | 表示“因为”，引导一个解释原因的宾语从句。 | He told me because he trusted me. (他告诉我是因为他信任我。) | |
| 连接代词 | who | 主语、宾语、表语，指代人。 | Can you tell me who is the girl? (你能告诉我那个女孩是谁吗？) |
| whom | 宾语，指代人（较正式）。 | Do you know whom they are waiting for? (你知道他们在等谁吗？) | |
| whose | 定语，指代人或物，表示“……的”。 | I don't know whose book this is. (我不知道这是谁的书。) | |
| what | 主语、宾语、表语，指代事物或事情。 | Please tell me what happened. (请告诉我发生了什么事。) | |
| which | 主语、宾语、表语，指代特定范围内的人或物。 | She asked me which dress I liked better. (她问我更喜欢哪条裙子。) | |
| 连接副词 | when | 时间状语，指代时间。 | I remember when the meeting will be held. (我记得会议什么时候召开。) |
| where | 地点状语，指代地点。 | Could you tell me where the nearest bank is? (你能告诉我最近的银行在哪里吗？) | |
| why | 原因状语，指代原因。 | Do you know why he was late? (你知道他为什么迟到吗？) | |
| how | 方式、程度、状况状语，指代方式或情况。 | Can you show me how to use this machine? (你能教我如何使用这台机器吗？) |
宾语从句的三大核心要点
语序：陈述句语序
- 规则: 无论主句的谓语动词是什么（是、是、不是、不是），宾语从句内部必须使用陈述句的语序，即“主语 + 谓语 + 其他”。
- 错误示范: He asked where is the library? (×)
- 正确示范: He asked where the library was. (√)
- 对比:
- 一般疑问句：Is he a teacher? → He is a teacher.
- 宾语从句：I know if he is a teacher. (√)
时态：主句与从句的时态呼应
- 规则: 如果主句的谓语动词是现在时态（如
know,say,think,ask），从句可以根据实际情况使用任何所需要的时态。- 例句:
- He says his father is a doctor. (现在时)
- He says his father was a doctor. (过去时)
- He says his father will be a doctor. (将来时)
- He says his father has been a doctor for 10 years. (现在完成时)
- 例句:
- 规则: 如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态（如
said,thought,asked,knew），从句的时态要相应“往前推一步”，即使用过去的某种时态。- 例句:
- He said his father was a doctor. (一般现在时 → 一般过去时)
- He said his father had been a doctor. (现在完成时 → 过去完成时)
- He said his father would be a doctor. (一般将来时 → 过去将来时)
- 例句:
- 特殊情况:
- 客观真理、科学事实、格言: 主句用过去时，从句仍用一般现在时。
- 例句: The teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun. (√)
- 从句中有表示过去某个具体时间的状语: 从句时态不受主句影响。
- 例句: He told me he was born in 2000. (即使主句是过去时，
was born也不必改成had been born)
- 例句: He told me he was born in 2000. (即使主句是过去时，
- 客观真理、科学事实、格言: 主句用过去时，从句仍用一般现在时。
标点：使用陈述句标点
- 规则: 宾语从句是主句的一部分，末尾的标点符号取决于主句。
- 例句:
- I know (that) he is right. (主句是肯定句，用句号。)
- Do you know (that) he is right? (主句是疑问句，用问号。)
- I wonder if he is right. (主句是陈述句，用句号。)
宾语从句的注意事项
that的省略:- 在
say, think, believe, know, hope等动词后，that常可省略。 - 在
suggest, order, demand等表示建议、命令的动词后，that不可省略，且从句要用 should + do (should 可省略)。- 例句: The teacher suggested (that) (we) should study harder. (老师建议我们更努力学习。)
- 在
if和whether的区别:- 多数情况可互换。
- 只能用
whether的情况:- 后面有
or not时：I wonder whether or not it is true. - 引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时：Whether he will come is not clear.
- 与不定式连用时：I don't know whether to go or stay.
- 在介词后时：It depends on whether we have enough money.
- 后面有
- 宾语从句的否定转移:
- 规则: 当主句主语是第一人称（
I, we），且谓语动词是think, believe, suppose, guess, expect等表示“认为、相信”的词时，如果要对从句进行否定，否定词not要移到主句的谓语动词前。 - 例句:
- I think he is not at home. (不常用)
- I don't think he is at home. (常用，意为“我认为他不在家”)
- 规则: 当主句主语是第一人称（
- 宾语从句的简化:
- 当主句主语和从句主语一致，且从句含有
be动词时，可以简化为“主语 + 介词短语 / 不定式 / 介词 + 动名词”。 - 例句:
- I think (that) I can finish it. → I think I can finish it. (不能简化)
- I think (that) I am right. → I think myself right. (简化)
- He decided (that) he would stay. → He decided to stay. (简化)
- She insisted (that) she was on time. → She insisted on being on time. (简化)
- 当主句主语和从句主语一致，且从句含有
宾语从句的功能分类
- 作动词的宾语: 最常见。
- I remember what you said. (我记住了你所说的话。)
- 作介词的宾语: 注意介词后只能用
if/whether或wh-引导，不能用that。- I'm interested in what you are doing. (我对你在做的事情感兴趣。)
- This depends on whether we have enough time. (这取决于我们是否有足够的时间。)
- 作形容词的宾语: 常跟在
happy, sure, glad, sorry, afraid, surprised等形容词后面。- I'm sorry that I broke your cup. (很抱歉我打碎了你的杯子。)
- I'm not sure whether he can come. (我不确定他是否能来。)
