英语宾语从句是复合句中的重要结构,在句子中充当宾语成分,通常跟在动词、介词或形容词之后,掌握宾语从句需要从连接词、语序、时态一致性等核心要素入手,以下通过思维导图的形式系统梳理其知识框架,帮助构建清晰的学习路径。
宾语从句的定义与功能
宾语从句在复合句中作宾语,回答“什么”或“谁”的问题,其功能是丰富句子表达,使信息更完整,I know (that) he is right.(括号内为宾语从句)从句“he is right”作动词know的宾语,说明“知道”的具体内容,根据引导词的不同,宾语从句可分为三类:由that引导的宾语从句、由whether/if引导的宾语从句、由连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句。
连接词的选择与用法
连接词是引导宾语从句的关键,需根据从句意义和成分选择:
- that引导:只起连接作用,无实际意义,在从句中不充当成分,且常可省略(但that引导的主语从句、表语从句中不可省略),She said (that) she would come on time.
- whether/if引导:意为“是否”,if多接动词或否定的whether结构,whether可接不定式或介词短语,I wonder if/whether he can finish the job.
- 连接代词(who, what, which)和连接副词(when, where, why, how)引导:需在从句中充当成分(主语、宾语、表语或状语),Can you tell me what your name is?(what作表语)
语序规则
宾语从句必须使用陈述句语序,即使主句是疑问句,从句内部也不能用疑问语序,Do you know where he lives?(错误:Do you know where does he live?)正确结构为“连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分”。
时态一致性原则
主句与从句的时态需遵循以下逻辑关系:
- 主句为现在时或将来时:从句可用任意所需时态,I think he will come tomorrow. / I know he is reading.
- 主句为过去时:从句需用过去的某种时态(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时等),She said she had been to Beijing.
- 客观真理、事实或格言:无论主句时态如何,从句常用一般现在时,The teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun.
特殊情况处理
- 否定转移:当主句谓语动词为think, believe, suppose等且主语为第一人称时,若否定从句,常将否定词转移到主句,I don’t think he is right.(非I think he is not right.)
- that的省略与保留:that引导宾语从句时,口语中常省略;但若从句由it作形式宾语时,that不可省,I find it important that we should learn English well.
- whether与if的辨析:在介词后、或不定式后只能用whether;whether or not结构中不可用if替代,It depends on whether we have enough time.
常见句型与固定搭配
部分动词或形容词后常接that引导的宾语从句,构成固定句型:
- 动词+that从句:suggest, insist, hope, fear等,He insisted that she should stay here.
- 形容词+that从句:glad, sorry, sure, afraid等,I’m afraid that he can’t come.
- it作形式宾语:如make it clear that, see to it that等,I made it clear that I disagreed.
易错点与注意事项
- 连接词误用:根据从句成分选择连接词,He asked I was tired”中,缺少表语成分,应改为“He asked why I was tired”。
- 时态混淆:尤其注意主句为过去时,从句表示“过去的过去”需用过去完成时。
- 语序颠倒:避免将宾语从句写成疑问语序,如“Do you know what’s his name?”应改为“Do you know what his name is?”。
学习策略与实践建议
- 分类练习:按连接词类型分别造句,掌握不同引导词的用法差异。
- 语境理解:结合对话或语篇分析宾语从句的实际应用,避免孤立记忆规则。
- 对比辨析:通过whether/if、that省略与不省略等对比,强化易混点掌握。
- 翻译训练:中英互译练习,注意语序和时态的转换,如“我认为他会成功”译为“I think he will succeed.”而非“I think he will be successful.”(后者语法正确但不够简洁)。
知识框架总结表
模块 | 核心要点 |
---|---|
定义与功能 | 作宾语,补充说明动作或状态的具体内容 |
连接词分类 | that(无实义,可省略);whether/if(是否);连接代词/副词(含具体意义) |
语序规则 | 永远用陈述句语序,主句疑问不影响从句结构 |
时态一致性 | 主句过去时→从句过去时;客观真理用一般现在时 |
特殊情况 | 否定转移、that省略条件、whether/if辨析 |
常见句型 | 动词/形容词+that从句、it作形式宾语结构 |
易错点 | 连接词误选、时态混淆、语序颠倒 |
FAQs
Q1: 宾语从句中的that什么时候可以省略?什么时候必须保留?
A: 当that引导宾语从句且从句意义完整时,口语和非正式书面语中常省略that,I know (that) he is honest. 但以下情况必须保留:① 主句谓语动词后接多个that从句时,第一个that可省,后续不可省,如:She told me (that) she was tired and that she wanted to go home;② that从句作介词宾语时(尽管较少见,但语法上需保留),如:He was surprised at that she had finished the work;③ that从句前有形式宾语it时,如:I find it important that we should protect the environment.
Q2: 如何区分whether和if引导的宾语从句?
A: 二者在多数情况下可互换,但存在以下区别:① whether可与or not连用,if不可,I don’t know whether or not he will come;② whether后可接不定式,if不可,如:I haven’t decided whether to go or stay;③ whether可用于介词后,if不可,如:It depends on whether we have enough money;④ whether引导的从句可作discuss, consider等动词的宾语,if则不可,如:We discussed whether we should accept the proposal. 若从句为否定结构且引导词为“是否”,优先用if,I wonder if he won’t come.